Genetic Mutation - 1402 Words

In biology, term- mutation has been described as changes to the base pair sequence of the genetic material of an organism. Mutations can be caused by: copying errors in the genetic material during cell division, by exposure to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation, chemical mutagens, or viruses, or can occur deliberately under cellular control during processes such as hypermutation. In multicellular organisms, mutations can be subdivided into germ line mutations, which can be passed on to descendants, and somatic mutations, which cannot be transmitted to descendants in animals. Plants sometimes can transmit somatic mutations to their descendants asexually or sexually (in case when flower buds develop in somatically mutated part of plant). A†¦show more content†¦Instead there is an abnormal type of hemoglobin S that is inherited as an autosomal inherited trait. This disease produces chronic anemia, which may become life threatening when hemolytic crises (the breakdown of redblood cells) or aplastic crises (bone marrow fails to produce blood cells) occur. The incidence of this disorder is 1/400 African Americans and 8/100,000 people. The manifestations of this disease are a result of the fragility and inflexibility of the sickle red bloodcells. When exposed to a lack of water, infection, and low oxygen supply, these delicate red blood cells take the shape of a crescent. This then causes blood cell devastation and thickening of the blood. Sickle cell anemia has the potential to be life threatening and can affect other body systems and parts of the body. Those included are the nervous system, bones, the kidneys and the liver. Maternal PKU is a genetic disorder that stems from point mutation. 1/15,000 people fall victim to this disorder. Phenylketonuria (PKU) has been shown as a cause of retardation in infant fetuses. Children in the fetus begin with a normal amount of phenylalanine hydroxylase but are affected by the mothers elevated phenylalanine level due to the imbalance of prenatal amino acid. Mental deficiency is clearly evident in disorder and usually consists of I.Q.s of 50.Show MoreRelatedGenetic Mutation And Genetic Mutations1079 Words   |  5 PagesA genetic mutation occurs after the formation of the DNA sequence has been altered (Reference, 2016). Some mutations are easily noticed; others are well hidden. Depending on which mutation the individual has depends on how severe or obvious the mutation is. There are several different mutations an individual can have, and some individuals may have more than one. Although mutations can be harmless, they can still be a hindrance to the individual who has it. Different mutations are caused by differentRead MoreGenetic Factors Of Gene Mutation1801 Words   |  8 PagesGene mutation is an official change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. Mutations are affected by the change in the DNA sequence. (U.S NLM, Para I) There can be many different types of mutations. Some examples are point mutations, missense mutation, nonsense mutation, frame shift mutation, silent mutation, deletion, insertion, and duplication. These mutations can either occur naturally or actually made to happen. Mutations can have a huge impact that can be beneficial or unhelpful. (MutationsRead MoreGenetic Mutation Of A Single Nucleotide Base809 Words   |  4 PagesSCD is genetic mutation that is caused by a genetic point mutation where a single nucleotide base has been substituted by an incorrect base (also termed transversion). The transversion caused by the SCD will alter the codon, at the 17th nucleotide of the beta chain of hemoglobin molecule it would be incorrect; thus, when the mRNA carries the gene which codes for Hb molecule, at the 17th nucleotide the ribosome will start synthesizing a different amino acid. At the site of the Hb molecule its adenosineRead MoreGenetic Mutations And The Human Genome1198 Words   |  5 PagesDid you know that there are hundreds of cool genetic mutations that you may not know about? Genetic mutations are permanent alterations of the nucleotide sequence of the genome (an organism s complete set of DNA) of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements. Genetic mutations can be good, there are all sorts of genetic mutations that can be good, it is as simple as the color of your eye or as complex as having a sprinting â€Å"superpower†. This also includes having the abilityRead MoreEssay on Gender and Genetic Mutations964 Words   |  4 Pages The study of genetics includes not only the study of normal DNA, but also of the mutations within a DNA. A mutation is a slightly distorted gene. These mutations can have an effect on a person, both physically and mentally. Although genetics may seem to be just about the genes, scientists are beginning to see a connection between gender and genetic mutations. Meet Henry, a man with dark hair, and Katie, a woman with gapped teeth. The couple has a child and from their physicalRead MoreGenetic Mutation And Its Effects1521 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic Mutation in C. elegans and its Affect INTRODUCTION Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) are transparent roundworm, that range about 1mm in length and lack a respiratory and circulatory system. C. elegans is a model organism in genetics, its short life cycle, ease of cultivation, small size, and high cell number and development makes it an easy animal to use in experiments (International Journal of Molecular Science). In this experiment, two strains of worms will be used. Virgin hermaphroditeRead MoreThe Genetic Mutation Fragile X Syndrome Essay960 Words   |  4 PagesThe genetic mutation Fragile X syndrome occurs on a segment of human DNA. Because the disease was first studied in 1943 by British physician James Purdon Martin and British human geneticist named Julia Bell, Fragile X is also referred to as Martin-Bell syndrome. Though it was not until 1969 that scientist Herbert Lubs discovered what exactly causes Fragile X syndrome. He explained that those who obtain the mutation will possess an X chromosome with an unusual gap. T he gap located on the chromosomeRead MoreThe Genetic Mutation Fragile X Syndrome Essay922 Words   |  4 PagesThe genetic mutation Fragile X syndrome is the most commonly inherited form of intellectual disability. Because the disease was first studied in 1943 by British physician James Purdon Martin and British human geneticist named Julia Bell, Fragile X is also referred to as Martin-Bell syndrome. Though it was not until 1969 that scientist Herbert Lubs discovered what exactly causes Fragile X syndrome. He explained that those who obtain the mutation will possess an X chromosome with an unusual gapRead MoreINTRODUCTION: My project question is: has human development disabled the power of genetic mutations2800 Words   |  12 PagesINTRODUCTION: My project question is: has human development disabled the power of genetic mutations and natural selection or enhanced it? My aim is to understand the importance of natural selection and the impact that human development has had on it. According to The Concise Oxford Dictionary(p 334), human development is defined as the process of enlarging people’s freedom and opportunities and overall well being through various resources. I will research the effect that the progression of humansRead MoreThe, Genetic And Epigenetic Mutations1064 Words   |  5 PagesCancer, one of the most common diseases in the world, is a result of genetic and epigenetic mutations. Where genetics was at first used to explain phenotypes and disease, genetics alone could not explain the sheer amount of phenotypic diversity in a population—nor could it explain phenomenon such as how, â€Å"monozygotic twins or cloned animals [could] have different phenotypes and different susceptibilities to a disea se.† Thus entered the field of epigenetics. Epigenetics is, â€Å"the study of heritable

Edgar Allan Poe and the Search for the American Identity

From the first day that the United States won its independance, thoughtful Americans have attempted to define the new national identity that decolonization invited. Becoming an independant political nation forced citizens to suddenly devise a community and character (Finkelman, 63) worthy of this newborn America. It was believed that, once free from Birtish fetters, a unique American character would emerge automatically. But this was not so, and it was left up to the artits, politictians, scientists, businessmen and women, and every other citizen to contrive the American identity. Those who were most accomplished at scrutinizing the American identity and what it was, were the many authors and writers of the 19th century. One of the†¦show more content†¦Madeline is seen by readers as weak because of her illness, and this correlates to many women in that time period, weak and subservient. In the American South, where European values were still held in high regard, women were kept in the background, left in the house with no rights. Poe demonstrates the presence of European societal morals, such as the role of women, in his story The Fall of the House of Usher. Gradually, the nation began to develop characteristics unique to America, such as a middle class dominated by business men and women, a sense of individualism and the idea of Manifest Destiny. The merchants and business people of the mid-19th century freed themselves from the cuffs of petty European values through the development and success of the middle class. This middle class began to influence the rest of the nations ideals. According to Scott Finkelman on American charater and identity, self made men and women ventured creativly into the [unkown], inventing themselves as they made social space for their unprecedented enterprises (64). Social conformity was quickly falling out of fashion and the need to be ones own person, a rugged individual, searching for his own destiny wherever he may fin d it, was becoming more popular. Because of the mixed assortment that is Americas heritage, citizens were not encouraged to be any specific way, thus the individual was born. This unrooted individualism and unabashed enterpriseShow MoreRelatedEdgar Allen1258 Words   |  6 Pagespoe Edgar Allan Poe is one of those writers who try to horrify us about what is out there, as well as making us conscious of the terror within. He takes the readers to the exterior and gradually moves into the interior, as he talks about not what you are frightened off but the fear itself. These ideas are hindered upon through the short stories ‘The Murder in the Rue Morgue†, â€Å"The Man in the crowd† and â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† as these were one of the first detective stories. Through these shortRead MoreThe Romantic Age Of American Literature1725 Words   |  7 Pagesincluded slavery and woman s rights. This age brought about American literature which was free from European influence and ties. The writers during the Romantic Age wrote mainly about the person, they included clear and concise descriptions of people and nature. Many writers like Poe wrote about supernatural events like the devil, evil, and horror. This brought on a whole new genre of scar y, detective, and mystery stories. While Edgar Allan Poe wrote utterly twisted plots, as seen in works like TheRead MoreInfluences And Life Of A Tortured Soul1994 Words   |  8 PagesInfluences and Life of a Tortured Soul â€Å"Although dissolute in his personal life, when Poe touched pen to paper, he became a disciplined craftsman.† (Carnes 300). Edgar Allan Poe cemented his place in American literature by publishing countless poems and short stories, including â€Å"The Raven† and â€Å"Masque of the Red Death.† Poe effectively invented the detective fiction genre and perfected the horror story. His style, visionary as it was, was not with its influences. A life filled with tragedy, disappointmentRead MoreThe American Dream Analysis827 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Dream is another controversial element of American life whose validity was well-debated by writers of the era. This was an ideal that many immigrants from the Old World strived to achieve, hoping that their penniless fortunes would quickly change for the better. One author, William Bryant Cullen, emphasized how America is a refuge for â€Å"Earth’s trodden down and opprest† peoples, including the à ¢â‚¬Å"hunted head† and the â€Å"starved laborer.† This phrase from the patriotic poem indicates that theRead MoreEssay about Mans Need For Woman in the Works of Edgar Allen Poe2186 Words   |  9 PagesMans Need For Woman in the Works of Edgar Allen Poe      Ã‚   In the beginning, there was Adam.   Adam felt incomplete in the Garden of Eden and needed a companion.   Eve was created and Adam had his woman.   Edgar Allen Poe experimented with mans eternal necessity and drew his final conclusion near the end of his literary career.   With the publication of Eureka, Poe made his final realization that tied every one of his love driven short stories together and triumphantly proclaimed: I have no desireRead MoreAmory Blaine : A True American Character1586 Words   |  7 Pages[Course Title] 25 October 2014 Amory Blaine: A True American Character One of the major characteristics of a great novel is its potential to depict characters that are representative of a specific society, its ideology, its conventions, and its worldview. Analyzing from the perspective of characterization, F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel â€Å"This Side of Paradise† should be considered as one of the greatest novels ever written in the realm of American literature because emphasizing on the development ofRead MoreThe Fireside Poets: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Oliver Wendel Holmes1354 Words   |  6 PagesStephen Longfellow who was a politician and a lawyer. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was an influential American poet, translator (He was the first American poet to translate Dante Alighieris epic poem The Divine Comedy) and a professor at the Harvard University. One of Longfellows most pretentious work is Evangeline: A tale of Acadie, an epic poem which follows the Acadian girl Evangeline and her search for her love Gabriel, a poem set during the time of the Expulsion of the Acadians (The forced removalRead MoreSupernatural in American Fiction Essay2928 Words   |  12 PagesSupernatural in American Fiction The oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and strongest kind of fear is fear of the unknown. Therefore, it makes sense that if mortals cannot bear the darkness, they [should not] not go there. If man dislikes black night and yawning chasms, then should he not even consider them? Shouldnt man seek out the sunshine, instead? The remedy is very simple: Avoid the darkness and seek the light. But, no. Mankind would never submitRead MoreCritical Essay on How Do I Love Thee?3017 Words   |  13 Pagesspecifically, a poem by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, â€Å"How Do I Love Thee?† demonstrated the preeminent meaning of love, compared to all other meanings, this definition has to be the best. This particular poem is important to study because it is popular to American poets, literature authors, and journalists. It is a famous love poem reviewed, critiqued, and interpreted by many, and majority of the people who come across it find it interesting. Personally it is interesting because of the way it is written, itRead MoreEvil in Roberto Benignis Life Is Beautiful4016 Words   |  17 Pagesfilms in the 1970s. Pezzetti was also aware of the disappointing history of Italian films depicting the Shoah. Holocaust films have been infrequent, as demonstrated by the small number of American films on the subject. In fact, eighty percent of films on the Shoah have been produced in Europe, and American production is only half of French production. Italy in particular was almost without films on the Holocaust until Gillo Pontecorvo s Kapà ² (1959) and a sequence of Jews praying before execution

Coleman Hawkins free essay sample

The asss were a turning point in the history of music, which coincides with a turning point In the mindset of African Americans, especially in large clues Like New York. The black entertainment Industry, up until now, had always been a white mans exhalation of the Negro for white audiences (Cooper). The Harlem renaissance and the idea of the New Negro was a precursor for a wave of African American musicians and songwriters who would not be restricted to the same conventions which their predecessors were. Coleman Hawkins learned to play the piano at the age of 5, and woo years later he moved on to the cello.At 9 he learned the saxophone and by the time he was twelve he was playing In the Kansas City Theatre Pit Band. Coleman Hawkins first Inserted himself Into the Jazz scene In 1 921 , at the very beginning of the Jazz age and the roaring asss. He played alongside the travelling blues and vaudeville star, Mamie Smith. After playing this background role for 2 years, he joined Fletcher Henderson’s Orchestra. This would reinvent Coleman Hawkins as a lead soloist and a big star of American jazz, a title that he retained for more than 40 years (Yanow). Hawkins should be included in this course because he was a major part of the swing jazz and big band movement, both in America and Europe, while reinventing the tenor saxophone as a Jazz instrument and an art form. His single, ‘Body and Soul’, was not only outrageously popular, but did so while defying many of the swing conventions of jazz music at the time. He was also one of the pioneers of early bebop and was a huge influence on later musicians such as John Coltrane and sonny Rollins. Fletcher Henderson’s Orchestra was one of the most popular and influential ‘Hot Jazz’ bands of the 20’s, and Coleman Hawkins was a full time member for 11 years and was considered the centerpiece of the band (Oxford). Their home was the Roseland Ballroom. This dance club would later be known as the best dance club in New York. (Oxford). They also frequented the Savoy Ballroom, the most popular Black and Tan dance club in New York. This club was influential because it was a mixed race club where both blacks and whites came to dance, and racial differences were largely left at the door. â€Å"The Savoy was a building, a geographic place, a ballroom, and the soul of a neighborhood. It personified a community and an era, and became a monument to the music and dance of ‘swing’† (Engelbrecht 3). Fletcher Henderson and his Orchestra were likely the most influential swing group of the 1920’s. One measurement of this is how often Henderson and his band were recorded and broadcasted. Henderson was the most frequently recorded black musician in the first decade of Jazz’s recorded history† (Magee 8). Jeffrey Magee also notes that his highest frequency of recordings took place between 1923-1927. During this time period Coleman Hawkins was a permanent member of Henderson’s Orchestra. â€Å"The Bands instrumental star was definitely Hawkins† (Chilton 26). In the years bef ore and after Louis Armstrong was part of Henderson’s Orchestra, Hawkins was the main soloist. â€Å"Louis influenced the band greatly by making the men swing-conscious with that New Orleans style of his. That same effect that Hawkins had on reeds, that right down-to-earth swing, with punch and bounce† (Fletcher Henderson). Coleman Hawkins had a unique style of improvisation on the tenor saxophone, which was copied by almost all tenors after Hawkins got big in the New York jazz scene. Coleman Hawkins way of playing the Tenor saxophone was his own, and was almost entirely different from anything previously heard on the tenor sax, which, in the early 20’s was still primarily a marching band instrument. Hawkins arrived at his own [Musical] style without apparently being heavily influenced by anyone in particular†(Chilton 18). Hawkins, who is widely known as a modest and unassuming man (Chilton 27), made a statement saying that, â€Å"I guess its true that I introduced a new style, a new way of playing tenor. I had a much heavier tongue, for one thing, than most of the others, and their tone was kind of thin†(Chilton 27). However, Hawkins improvisational style was not a fixed entity. He strived to move away from the bad habit of ‘slap tonging’, and began to experiment with less conventional soloing techniques. Hawkins was beginning to experiment successfully with the use of 9th chords and augmented runs as part of his improvisations, often showing his confidence by including ‘surprising notes’. †(Chilton 34). Hawkins began to put a European emphasis on his improvisations in his emphasis of the weak and strong beats (Williams 8). During the 20’s Hawkins was the top tenor saxophonist in New York, and many young sax players copied his smooth and often atonic style. â€Å"Bud Freeman was about the only tenor who didn’t sound like a replica of the hard-toned Hawkins†(Yanow). Although Coleman’s style became outdated by the 50’s with the entrance of revolutionary tenor saxophonist Lester Young (Yanow), his style was still a huge stepping stone in the history of improvisational Jazz. â€Å"Jazz improvisation has travelled a long road of development†¦This evolution [was] instigated by the titans of jazz history of the last 40 odd years: Louis Armstrong, Coleman Hawkins, Lester Young†¦etc†. Hawkins added much of his own creative musical input to his music and to the 1920’s Jazz scene in New York. Adolphe Sax invented the Tenor sax for the purpose of being a military band instrument. As the tenor sax migrated to middle class America it was adopted as a marching band instrument. Coleman Hawkins was the first musician to play jazz on the Tenor sax, and he was certainly not the last (Yanow). â€Å"The prelude to jazz tenor saxophone originates from the Wilbur Sweatman Orchestra. The sound quality is quite primitive†¦there seem to be no tenor sax solos† (Evensmo 11). Sweatman’s orchestra played prearranged music, leaving no room for improvisation, which means that their music cannot be called jazz, and falls into the category of ragtime, which is largely prearranged. Therefore, when Coleman Hawkins joined Fletcher Henderson’s orchestra, the jazz tenor saxophone was created (Evensmo 11). Since that point, there has been a plethora of tenor saxophonist’s in jazz. Many, like Coltrane and Sonny Rollins would become extremely influential jazz musicians of the bebop era. Body and Soul was Coleman Hawkins’ most influential song, and also marked a turning point in Jazz (Moore). The song was a commercial success and was enormously popular among jazz audiences(Moore), however, critics also recognize the song as a musical and improvisational masterpiece. Right away, the Hawkins version of Body and Soul became one of the essential documents of jazz. It was not only a hit on jukeboxes until the 1950s, but also a textbook lesson in ballad playing. †(Moore). The song ‘Body and Soul’ was originally a Tin Pan Alley hit, and was covered by various artists before Coleman Hawkins. The rhythm section in the song is very underst ated, and the songs chorus is played twice through while Hawkins improvises (oxford). The nature of Hawks solo is what makes this song a masterpiece. In Body and Soul, Hawkins did not use standard blues riffing, hich collects each part of the solo into even, neat sections. Instead Hawkins toyed with â€Å"Sharp cornered phrases and endless lines that were the jazz equivalent of run on sentences†. Apart from the first 4 bars, Hawkins only rarely alludes to the melody of the original song. Instead he essentially left his solo entirely free form, which was relatively uncommon at the time in swing music1. â€Å"He danced at the upper extremes of chords, foreshadowing the altered harmonies that later were so important to bebop. But he was hardly academic. His spry, seductive tone gave every phrase an unmistakable passion. 1. Body and Soul was not only a masterpiece, it also hinted at the beginning of a new era in jazz. â€Å"When the record first came out, well, everybody said I was playing the wrong notes. It was funny to me†1. This recording was a step for jazz towards a more free form, atonic, and creative art form ca lled bop. The remarkable thing is that Hawkins made this step while retaining mass appeal. In the 40’s and 50’s bop began to replace swing as the main popular form of jazz, although it took on a distinctively different role as a counterculture art form. Most swing musicians resented this new, edgy jazz, but Hawkins encouraged it to such a large extent that he made an effort to systematically employ and collaborate with all of the up and coming jazz artists. â€Å"Unlike others of his generation, whose attitude towards bop ranged from resentment to hostility to bemused indifference, Hawkins championed the music, earning him a degree of loyalty† 2. Hawkins was a role model to young bebop prodigies such as Kenny Clarke, Oscar Pettiford, Fats Navarro, Max Roach and especially Thelonious Monk, who remained a lifelong friend of Hawkins till his death2. It was not that these new up and coming jazz artists were looking to model their musical style after Hawkins’. Rather, they looked at Hawkins commitment to improvisation and craftsmanship and the extraordinary achievements that he’d made, being a wealthy, self made black musician in mid-century America. A 1946 recording session called ‘Bean and the Boys’; which included Fats Navarro, Milt Jackson and Max Roach; paid tribute to Hawkins relationship with his young proteges2. In 1944 Hawkins was involved with what is known as the first bop recording session with Dizzy Gillespie and Don Byas3. Although this classification may be somewhat arbitrary, there is no doubt that Hawkins was hugely important to early bop. His 1948 recording ‘Picasso’, a 3 minute tenor sax solo with no supporting instruments, was a creative step for jazz as the first unaccompanied sax solo recorded3. In this recording Hawkins expanded on many of musical ideas, which he pioneered in ‘Body and Soul’, and by taking out the rhythm section Hawkins is able to play an even more ‘free form’ solo which is not locked into a time signature or rhythmic scheme4. Although Hawkins was not himself part of the bop generation, he certainly was an instigator and a catalyst of the bebop revolution. â€Å"The Peculiar combination of personal traits and musical abilities that marked Hawkins – steely ambition, a strong intellect, and virtuosity – characterized the bebop revolution†1. At the start of the 1950’s, Lester Young had become a much bigger influence on young tenor saxophone players than Coleman Hawkins was. However, Hawkins stuck to his melodic, edgy style of improvising and continued to play with various bands including a quintet with Roy Elridge. Around this time Hawkins image and influence went through a resurgence period, when Sonny Rollins, the up and coming bebop tenor saxophonist, claimed that Hawkins was his main musical influence1. In an interview Rollins said, â€Å"Coleman Hawkins had a more intellectual approach maybe to music. He played a lot of very difficult things. So he became my idol†2. Like Hawkins, Rollins went on to have a long, successful career, which was characterized by many of the same qualities that Hawkins possessed. Listening to Rollins and Hawkins recordings side by side displays the distinct influence that Hawk had on Rollins. Sonny has a distinctive style of swing that takes elements from the 1930’s Harlem sound that Hawkins was a part of and Rollins grew up with3. However, similar to Hawkins, Rollins style did evolve greatly over his career. â€Å"Rollins has a seemingly bottomless reservoir of musical knowledge (ranging from jazz standards and pop, to folk songs and classical music)†3. The most important trait, which was passed on from one tenor sax great to another, was the truly progressive nature of jazz. â€Å"Coleman Hawkins†, Sonny Rollins said recently, â€Å"was of [jazz’s] most prominent ‘Role Models’: The prototypical progressive jazz musician. Coleman Hawkins was the foremost tenor sax player of the 20’s and 30’s, and played with some of the most influential bands and musicians of the swing era1. Fletcher Henderson’s band was likely the most influential group of musicians to affect the 1920’s swing dance craze, and Hawkins played a prominent role in the orchestra2. In1934 he left America for Europe as the one of the most prominent swing musicians in New York3. He came back 5 years later to find that nothing had changed in the New York jazz scene. He went on to cut his most beautiful and influential record, Body and Soul3. In his later years, when jazz began to change around him he did not resist. He encouraged the change and allowed his own musical style to develop as well4. The one thing that remained true for Coleman Hawkins throughout his career was his commitment to jazz as a malleable and ever-changing entity.

Souix Uprising Essays - Midwestern United States,

Souix Uprising I will admit that I am not much for reading. I will also admit after reading the first chapter in this book that I felt sick to my stomach, literally. That I feared reading the rest of the book knowing that this really happened and that people could actually do this to one another. Although the book disgusted me after the first chapter that I didn't want to read it anymore it also made me not want to put it down. It could have been the way the writer described everything made it all so vivid and clear or maybe it was the fact that it was so gruesome and real that I had to read it. Whatever the truth may be I thought it was a very good book. Up until this class I hadn't even heard of the Uprising. In my impression part of the book was the side of the Indians while part of it was the side of the ?white man's' view. It told of how it started, where it began, when it ended and how it ended. I feel as if the Indians had been changing their ways throughout the war. In the beginning they were killing anyone and everyone but, to a point, by the end of the war they were only killing the white males and were holding the women and children captive so to speak. Although I don't think the Indians needed to be hung for their crimes they should've been arrested and brought into jail. The white men needed to also take responsibility for their actions. It takes two people to start a fight no matter what it is about. Yes, it wasn't all of the white men who held back their annuity payment, but it was those men who insisted that they change their ways. The book was a well-researched and insightful narrative of the bloody uprising and the events which preceded it. It is another sad chapter in the history of the American West . All the shocking events took place during one week in August of 1862, in response to being tricked and betrayed by broken treaties, cheated continually by traders, and brought to the edge of starvation by delays in dispensing the government's annuity payments, the Santee Sioux had finally had enough. The Sioux left hundreds of settlers dead and turning forty thousand into refugees. From killings to burnings they did it all. The high point was reached over hens' eggs when warriors mocked as cowards after refusing to steal the eggs shot the hens' owner, his wife, and friends in cold blood. Faced with certain reprisals from whites, the most respected Sioux leader, Little Crow, sided with his war chiefs and the rampage began in earnest. Hundreds of isolated settlers in the area died, with only occasional prisoners taken, while massive attacks took place against the nearby Army garrison and the prosperous town of New Ulm. Even with superior numbers, these assaults failed, however, leaving many warriors dead and the rest disheartened. The Army quickly rounded up all the Sioux to be found, sentencing hundreds to death in military court without allowing them a defense. President Lincoln reduced the number of condemned to 38, who were duly hung. On December 26, 1862, those 38 Sioux Indians were executed for their part in uprisings.